Entre a física e a sustentabilidade: a viabilidade da energia solar fotovoltaica no alto sertão paraibano frente à crise energética do século XXI.

Abstract

This study analyzes the evolution of the Brazilian energy matrix over the past two decades, with an emphasis on the transition to sustainable sources, focusing on photovoltaic solar energy. It is an applied research project with an exploratory and descriptive character, aimed at understanding and practically applying the concepts studied. A case study was conducted based on fundamental physical concepts such as irradiation, radiation, radiance, reflection coefficient, shading, and the shadow effect, highlighting their influence on the efficiency of photovoltaic systems. Additionally, the photovoltaic effect was discussed, emphasizing its importance and applications. The study also addressed the role of renewable energy in mitigating climate change, presenting updated data on ozone layer regeneration. In the regional context, the potential of the Alto Sertão Paraibano for photovoltaic solar energy generation was evaluated. As a practical application, a technical feasibility study was carried out for the implementation of a photovoltaic solar power plant on the Cajazeiras campus of the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), detailing technical and financial stages, as well as environmental benefits such as the reduction of CO₂ emissions through clean electricity generation. The study demonstrated the significant financial and environmental impacts and the potential for strengthening the institution's socio-environmental responsibility through the adoption of a renewable energy matrix.