Imunização contra a Covid - 19: dados sobre a vacinação entre pessoas com comorbidades prévias, efeitos após vacinação e comparação entre as principais vacinas.

Abstract

COVID-19 appeared in China in 2019, turning into a Pandemic that has great damage to the population of most countries in the world. As vaccines against a COVID-19 used as prophylaxis, associated with some adjuvant environmental measures have been expected as the only effective way to control the epidemic across the planet. OBJECTIVE: To observe, in the current literature, the data over the immunization of people with previous comorbidities immunized with the main vaccines against COVID-19 in countries around the world. METHODOLOGY: Systematic Literature Review using the descriptors “COVID-19” AND “Efficacy” AND “Comorbidity” vaccines and their representatives in English in the Cochrane, Pubmed and LILACS databases, being considered complete and free texts in Portuguese, English or Spanish, published from 2020 to 2021. RESULTS: Five studies were found that met the inclusion criteria, being analyzed 194082 participants in total. The percentage of cases of COVID-19 after administration of the first dose of the analyzed vaccines was 0% (Duarte et al., 2021) the lowest and 4.75% (Liu et al., 2021) the highest. Regarding the second dose, the variation was 0% (Liu et al., 2021) for the smallest, to 0.78% (Cabezas et al., 2021) for the largest. The most frequent time period for disease onset after the first or second dose of vaccines was 0 to 14 days. Severe forms of COVID- 19 were reported at a percentage of the lowest of 0% in the United States of America (Thomas et al., 2021) and the highest percentage of 1.36% in Spain (Cabezas et al., 2021). The predominant sex was male and an average age ranging from 44.55 to 66 years. The most prevalent comorbidities were Diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, lung disease, kidney disease, cancer and obesity. Effects acquired after vaccination ranged from mild symptoms such as local inflammatory signs to fever, headache, alopecia, skin rash, decreased muscle strength, ageusia and anosmia. Severe cases such as pneumonia, hospitalization and deaths were rare. CONCLUSION: Despite the methodological differences, the other countries and continents where the research was carried out, the short time to evaluate the vaccines used against COVID-19 and a studied population, considered by the literature as more vulnerable and less responsive to vaccination. The results in general point to efficacy, especially after two doses and vaccination safety, even among people with comorbidities. This possibility can bring more peace of mind so that you can study more about immunization and preserve more lives. Further studies are necessary to better understand these variables.