"Afinal, quem paga a conta?": financiamento de campanhas no Brasil e igualdade de gênero (2010-2022)

Abstract

This dissertation has the following question: how do political parties distribute financial resources to men and women in electoral disputes? To this end, it analyzes the differences in the distribution of party resources between men and women candidates for federal deputy, based on the intersectionalities of race, political capital and ideology. In addition to intersectionalities, the data are analyzed from a temporal aspect, which considers the distribution of party resources before and after the institutional changes implemented in the 2018 election. Party resources are understood, for analysis purposes, as the amounts donated, in cash, by political parties to candidates and constitute an important element in electoral financing, as parties are considered the main gatekeepers for access to the political field. To answer the research question, the following explanatory (independent) variables were chosen: ideological spectrum, gender, political capital, race and institutional changes. In the investigation, revenue data, information and results of candidates at the Superior Electoral Court were collected. The data analysis is divided into three parts: statistical-descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis (correlations) and multivariate analysis (linear regressions), with the dependent variable being the party resources received by the candidates. The results obtained demonstrate a significant improvement in the distribution of money to women in the 2018 and 2022 elections, which was due to the series of institutional changes implemented since 2015. The variables related to political capital, race and ideology proved to be mediating factors in the distribution of party resources, making it more promising, therefore, for a candidate to be a professional politician, white and from a leftwing party. Furthermore, it was noted: an increase in the amount of resources allocated to candidates without political capital; a higher average of resources per candidate on the left spectrum; and a greater amount of money allocated to white candidates, even when non-white candidates group four other races (black, brown, yellow and indigenous). Regarding the variable relating to female candidacies, the regression calculation resulted in a negative sign in the first biennium (2010-2014) and a positive sign in the second biennium (2018-2022), demonstrating that public policies are extremely important for the construction of a more egalitarian space.